Toxicological evaluation of therapeutically active zinc oxide nanoflowers in pre-clinical mouse model.

Our earlier reports established that zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZONF) show significant pro-angiogenic properties, where reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and MAPK-AKT-eNOS cell signaling axis play an essential task. Considering the significance of angiogenesis in healthcare, our research group has recently demonstrated the in vivo therapeutic application of ZONF (10 mg/kg b.w.) for treating peripheral artery disease. Moreover, based on the angio-neural crosstalk between vascular and neuronal systems, we have further demonstrated the neuritogenic and neuroprotective characteristics of pro-angiogenic nanoflowers (10 mg/kg b.w.) for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, it is crucial for a therapeutic material to be non-toxic for its practical clinical applications and therefore assessment of its in vivo toxicity and adverse effect is highly important. Herein, for the first time, we investigate a detailed nanotoxicology of therapeutically active ZONF in Swiss albino mice to evaluate their safety profile and comprehend their aspects for future clinical applications. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ZONF was found to be 512.5 mg/kg b.w. which was employed for acute exposure (2 weeks), showing slight toxicity. However, sub-chronic (4 weeks) and long term chronic (8-12 weeks) studies of nanoflowers exhibited their non-toxic nature particularly at lower therapeutic doses (1-10 mg/kg b.w.). Additionally, in depth genotoxicity study revealed that lower therapeutic dose of ZONF (10 mg/kg b.w.) did not exhibit significant toxicity even in genetic level. Overall, the present nanotoxicology of ZONF suggests their high biocompatible nature at therapeutic dose, offering the basis of their future clinical applications in ischemic and other vascular diseases.

In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Sargassum tenerrimum - a marine seaweed.

Green nanotechnology has recently attracted a lot of attention as a potential technique for drug development. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesised by using Sargassum tenerrimum, a marine seaweed crude extract (Ag-ST), and evaluated for antimalarial activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that Ag-ST nanoparticles exhibited good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 7.71±0.39 µg/ml and 23.93±2.27 µg/ml against P. falciparum and P. berghei respectively. These nanoparticles also showed less haemolysis activity suggesting their possible use in therapeutics. Further, P. berghei infected C57BL/6 mice were used for the four-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic assays where it was noticed that the Ag-ST nanoparticles significantly reduced the parasitaemia and there were no toxic effects observed in the biochemical and haematological parameters. Further to understand its possible toxic effects, both in vitro and in vivo genotoxicological studies were performed which revealed that these nanoparticles are non-genotoxic in nature. The possible antimalarial activity of Ag-ST may be due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals and silver ions. Moreover, the phytochemicals prevent the nonspecific release of ions responsible for low genotoxicity. Together, the bio-efficacy and toxicology outcomes demonstrated that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-ST) could be a cutting-edge alternative for therapeutic applications.

Clastogenic, aneugenic, and tubulin polymerization properties of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dibutyl phthalate.

Phthalate compounds were found to disrupt the endocrine system and alter transcriptomes during human embryonic development. In our previous work, we have isolated and reported two such phthalates di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) from Brevibacterium mcbrellneri bacteria and evaluated their bioactive properties. Naturally derived phthalates might be less toxic compared with synthesized molecules. We have investigated biologically isolated phthalates to understand the possible genotoxic effects in mice and further investigated in silico binding and polymerization of ß-tubulin. Three sub-lethal concentrations of DEHP (150 µM, 175 µM, and 200 µM) and DBP (10 µM, 15 µM, and 30 µM) were studied. The results showed that the phthalates were found to be highly genotoxic in nature. However, the pattern of genotoxic effects was not found to be dose-dependent in the induction of chromosome aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), and changes in the mitotic index (MI) in cells. In silico studies of phthalates on polymerization of ß-tubulin suggested that both DBP and DEHP were able to interact with the hydrogen bonds and make strong van der Waals interactions with ß-tubulin thereby possibly causing destabilization of microtubule network. Our study suggests that these phthalates might be playing an important role in normal cell division thereby showing highly genotoxic effects.

Efficient anti-tumor nano-lipoplexes with unsaturated or saturated lipid induce differential genotoxic effects in mice.

Cationic lipids are well-known excipients for nanometric liposomal gene delivery systems. However, because of the suspected, collateral toxicity in normal cells, the use of cationic lipids for the treatment of human tumor is largely limited. Recently, we developed a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-targeted liposomal, anticancer delivery system (DXE nano-lipoplex), which carried cationic lipid of saturated twin aliphatic chains. It exhibited efficient anti-tumor effect in aggressive and drug-resistant tumor models. Toward exploring lipoplex's human clinical use, we incorporated another nano-lipoplex (D1XE) group that carried cationic lipid with one of its aliphatic chain carrying unsaturation and compared in vivo genotoxicological profiling-based safety assessment and the respective anti-tumor efficacy of the lipoplexes. Thus, both the lipoplexes differ only by the chemical identity of one of their constituent cationic lipid. Unsaturated aliphatic chains in lipid generally impart efficient cell surface fusogenic property in lipid formulations. Herein, we report that nanoplex with unsaturated cationic lipid (D1XE) exhibited better physical appearance with less flocculent behavior than nanoplex with saturated lipid (DXE). Upon multiple injections, D1XE nanoplex imparted better tumor regression but most importantly, exhibited much lower overall toxicity (e.g. genotoxicity, weight loss, etc.) than DXE nanoplex. With a higher antitumor effect but a lower genotoxic effect, D1XE is proved to be a better nanoplex than DXE for the potential clinical trial. Thus, this study clearly delineates the importance of incorporating a constituent lipid that carries a single unsaturated aliphatic chain toward developing efficient anti-tumor nano-lipoplexes with reduced genotoxicity.

Potential of the Bioinspired CaCO3 Microspheres Loaded with Tetracycline in Inducing Differential Cytotoxic Effects toward Noncancerous and Cancer Cells: A Cytogenetic Toxicity Assessment Using CHO Cells in Vitro.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-based materials as feasible pH-sensitive drug carriers, which can actively dissolve in an acidic microenvironment of cancer cells, are finding increasing importance. This has drawn our interest in the development of a bioinspired polypeptide- mediated method to design calcium carbonate microspheres loaded with tetracycline (CaCO3-TC) with an aim to explore its safe application in cancer therapeutics. Its therapeutic application in cancer patients essentially demands its safety information on the normal cells. Herein our study presents the in vitro genetic toxicological information on CaCO3-TC using noncancerous mammalian CHO cells in comparison to bare TC at three different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 µM) selected based on the cytotoxicity data (MTT). Assessment of various end points like chromosome aberrations, micronucleus, mitotic index and effects on cell cycle distribution after 24 h post-treatment demonstrates a significant reduction in clastogenic ( P < 0.001), aneugenic potential ( P < 0.05), and nonmitotoxic nature of CaCO3-TC than that of bare TC. Noticeably, as inferred from the FACS analysis on cancer cells, G2/M phase accumulation in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), and at G1 phase in cervical cancer cells (HeLa) reveal its potential anticancer property. On the other hand, the genotoxicity studies illustrate protective effects of CaCO3-TC on noncancerous cells. While the pH-dependent dissolution property of the CaCO3 matrix encasing tetracycline results in higher toxicity on cancer cells, the near neutral pH in the case of normal cells prevents complete dissolution of CaCO3 thereby not allowing the encapsulated TC to adequately interact with the cells. Therefore, thus assembled CaCO3 spheres not only provide a way for facile encapsulation of tetracycline under mild conditions but also result in an effective matrix for differential toxicity toward normal and cancer cells justifying its clinical development as a novel target-specific drug in therapeutic applications for metastatic cancers.